Polycystic ovary syndrome, known as “PCOS” for short, is a condition where the ovaries produce abnormal amounts of androgens. These male sex hormones are usually only present in small amounts in women. Polycystic ovary syndrome was named to illustrate the small cysts that form in the ovaries. Some women with …

Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea – HPO and HPA Axes

Eumenorrhea—normal menstrual/ovarian cycle: Hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis. GnRH is secreted from the hypothalamus. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are secreted from the anterior pituitary. FSH and LH act on theca and granulosa cells of ovarian follicles to produce estrogens (and inhibin); estrogens act on the endometrial lining to …