How the Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses Change for Mother and Child While Breastfeeding
Human breast milk was once considered sterile. Recent studies show that human breast milk is not a sterile substance and is considered an alive ecosystem. The breastmilk ecosystem comprises bacteria, live viruses, fungi, yeast, and minor genera. This ecosystem is called the human milk microbiome or HMM. (Consales 2022) Regarding …